How are the criteria for deciding divisions

Solution:
Criteria for deciding divisions in plants are:
(i) Differentiated/Undifferentiated plant body
(ii) Presence/ absence of vascular tissues
(iii) With/without seeds
(iv) Naked seeds/ seeds inside fruits
Criteria for decidıng subgroups among animals are:
Kingdom Animalia is divided into two major groups on the basis of the presence or absence of a notochord. Non-chordates do not possess a notochord, while all members of the phylum chordates possess a notochord.Kingdom Animalia is divided into two major groups on the basis of the presence or absence of a notochord.Non-chordates do not possess a notochord, while all members of the phylum chordates possess a notochord.
Non-chordate is further divided into subgroups on the basis of the following features :
(1) Body symmetry
(2) Germ layers
(3) Metameric segmentation
(4) Body cavity (Coelom)
These subgroups are : Porifera, Coelenterate, Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropoda and Echinodermata.
All members of the phylum chordate possess a notochord. However, some animals such asBalanoglossus, Amphioxus, Herdmania, etc. have a notochord, which is either absent or does not run the entire length of the animal's body. Therefore, these animals are kept in a separate sub-phylum called Protochordata, and the rest of the chordates are included in the sub-phylum vertebrata. The members of the sub-phylum vertebrata are advanced chordates. They are divided on the basis of presence of vertibral column into five classes: Pisces, Amphibian, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.