Coulomb’s Law in Magnetism
If two magnetic poles of strengths ${{m_1}}$ and ${{m_2}}$ are kept at a distance r apart then the force of attraction or repulsion between the two poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
$$F \propto {{{m_1}{m_2}} \over {{r^2}}}\quad or\,\,F = {{{\mu _0}} \over {4\pi }}{{{m_1}{m_2}} \over {{r^2}}}$$
Where $\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi}=10^{-7} Wb A ^{-1} m ^{-1}=10^{-7}$ henry/m where $\mu_{0}$ is permeability of free space.
Magnetic Flux Density
The force experienced by a unit north pole when placed in a magnetic field is called magnetic flux density or field intensity at that point
$\overrightarrow{ B }=\frac{\overrightarrow{ F }}{ m }=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \frac{ m }{ r ^{2}} \hat{ r }$
This is the magnetic field produced by a pole of strength m at distance r.
Pole Strength
In relation $F=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}$If $m _{1}= m _{2}= m , r =1 m$ and $F =10^{-7} N$
Then $10^{-7}=10^{-7} \times \frac{ m \times m }{1^{2}}$ or $m^{2}=1$ or $m=\pm 1$ ampere metre (A-m)
The strength of a magnetic pole is said to be one ampere meter if it repels an equal and similar pole with a force of $10^{-7}$ N when placed in vacuum (or air) at a distance of one meter from it.
The pole strength of the north pole is defined as the force experienced by the pole when kept in a unit magnetic field.
$m =\frac{\overrightarrow{ F }}{\overrightarrow{ B }}$
- Pole strength is a scalar quantity with dimension $M^{0} L^{1} T^{0} A^{1}$
- The unit is newton/Tesla or ampere meter.
- The pole strength depends on the nature of the material of the magnet, the state of magnetization (with an upper limit called saturation), and the area of cross-section.
- The north pole experiences a force in the direction of the magnetic field while the south pole experiences force opposite to the field.
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