Mention the important series of events of aerobic respiration
Question: Mention the important series of events of aerobic respiration that occur in the matrix of the mitochondrion and the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Solution: (i) Citric Acid Cycle/ Tricarboxylic acid cycle: It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell. (ii) Electron transport system/ Oxidative phosphorylation: It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the cell....
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\frac{x}{\left(a^{2}+x^{2}\right)}$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\frac{x}{\left(a^{2}+x^{2}\right)}$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d x^{n}}{d x}=n x^{n-1}$ Let us take $u=(x)$ and $v=\left(a^{2}+x^{2}\right)$ $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d(x)}{d x}=1$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{d v}{d x}=\frac{d\left(a^{2}+x^{2}\right)}{d x}=2 x$ Putting the above obtained v...
Read More →Name the site (s) of pyruvate synthesis.
Question: Name the site (s) of pyruvate synthesis. Also, write the chemical reaction wherein pyruvic acid dehydrogenase acts as a catalyst. Solution: The site of pyruvate synthesis is Cytoplasm in the cell. Pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+Acetyl CoA + CO2+ NADH + H+...
Read More →Write any two energy-yielding
Question: Write any two energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis Solution: Two energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis: Conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3 BPGA) to 3 phosphoglyceric acid (3 PGA). Conversion of 3- phosphoenolpyruvate (3 PEP) to pyruvic acid....
Read More →How does a tree trunk exchange gas
Question: How does a tree trunk exchange gas with the environment although it lacks stomata? Solution: A tree trunk exchanges gas with the environment although it lacks the stomata because it has lenticels through which oxygen and other gas exchange occurs....
Read More →RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATPase,
Question: RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATPase, cytochrome oxidase, Hexokinase, Lactate dehydrogenase. Select/choose enzymes from the list above which are involved in a. Photosynthesis b. Respiration c. Both in photosynthesis and respiration Solution: a. Enzymes used in photosynthesis are: RuBP PEP carboxylase ATPase b. Enzymes used in respiration are: Hexokinase ATPase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Cytochrome oxidase c. The enzyme used in both photosynthesis and respiratio...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int\{1+\tan x \tan (x+\theta)\} d x$ Solution: $\tan (A-B)=\frac{\tan A-\tan B}{1+\tan A \tan B}$ $\therefore \tan (x-(x+\theta))=\frac{\tan x-\tan (x+\theta)}{1+\tan x \tan (x+\theta)}$ $\therefore \tan (\theta)=\frac{\tan x-\tan (x+\theta)}{1+\tan x \tan (x+\theta)}$ $\Rightarrow \tan (\theta)(1+\tan x \cdot \tan (x+\theta))=\tan (x)-\tan (x+\theta)$ $\Rightarrow(1+\tan x \cdot \tan (x+\theta))=\frac{1}{\tan \theta}(\tan x-\tan (x+\theta)$ $\Righta...
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\left(\frac{5 x^{2}+6 x+7}{2 x^{2}+3 x+4}\right)$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\left(\frac{5 x^{2}+6 x+7}{2 x^{2}+3 x+4}\right)$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d x^{n}}{d x}=n x^{n-1}$ Let us take $u=\left(5 x^{2}+6 x+7\right)$ and $v=\left(2 x^{2}+3 x+4\right)$ $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d\left(5 x^{2}+6 x+7\right)}{d x}=10 x+6$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{...
Read More →The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic
Question: The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration. Explain. Solution: Aerobic respiration produces 38 ATP molecules from a single glucose molecule while Anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP molecules from a single glucose molecule. That is why ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration....
Read More →It is known that red muscle fibres in animals
Question: It is known that red muscle fibres in animals can work for longer periods continuously. How is this possible? Solution: Red muscle fibres in animals can work for more extended periods continuously as it contains an oxygen-transporting pigment called myoglobin. It is stored as oxymyoglobin as it is bounded to the molecule of oxygen....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \tan 2 x \tan 3 x \tan 5 x d x$ Solution: We know $\tan 5 x=\tan (2 x+3 x)$ $\tan (A+B)=\frac{\tan A+\tan B}{1-\tan A \tan B}$ $\therefore \tan (2 x+3 x)=\frac{\tan 2 x+\tan 3 x}{1-\tan 2 x \tan 3 x}$ $\therefore \tan (5 x)=\frac{\tan 2 x+\tan 3 x}{1-\tan 2 x \tan 3 x}$ $\Rightarrow \tan (5 x)(1-\tan 2 x \cdot \tan 3 x)=\tan (2 x)+\tan (3 x)$ $\Rightarrow \tan (5 x)-\tan 2 x \cdot \tan 3 x \cdot \tan 5 x=\tan (2 x)+\tan (3 x)$ $\Rightarrow \tan (...
Read More →Respiration requires O2.
Question: Respiration requires O2. How did the first cells on the earth manage to survive in an atmosphere that lacked O2? Solution: The first cells on the earth managed to survive in an atmosphere that lacked O2 because they were anaerobes. They survived by breaking down the organic compounds like H2S. they dont need oxygen for respiration...
Read More →When a substrate is being metabolized,
Question: When a substrate is being metabolized, why does not all the energy that released in one step? It is released in multiple steps. What is the advantage of step-wise release? Solution: The advantage of the stepwise release of energy is that each step helps in regulation of the energy. And energy is only released when formed or when required. Energy wastage as heat is avoided and energy is stored...
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\frac{\left(x^{2}-1\right)}{\left(x^{2}+7 x+1\right)}$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\frac{\left(x^{2}-1\right)}{\left(x^{2}+7 x+1\right)}$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d x^{n}}{d x}=n x^{n-1}$ Let us take $u=\left(x^{2}-1\right)$ and $v=\left(x^{2}+7 x+1\right)$ $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d\left(x^{2}-1\right)}{d x}=2 x$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{d v}{d ...
Read More →A process is occurring throughout the day,
Question: A process is occurring throughout the day, in X organism. Cells are participating in this process. During this process ATP, CO2and water are evolved. It is not a light-dependent process. a. Name the process. b. Is it a catabolic or an anabolic process? c. What could be the raw material of this process? Solution: a. The name of the process is cellular respiration. b. It is a catabolic process because it involves the breakdown of the glucose molecule. c. Raw materials involved in the cel...
Read More →Do you know any step in the TCA
Question: Do you know any step in the TCA cycle where there is substrate-level phosphorylation? Which one? Solution: In the TCA cycle where there is substrate-level phosphorylation the step in which succinyl Co-A is converted to the succinic acid and there is one GTP molecule synthesized through the substrate-level phosphorylation....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}(\sqrt{x}+1)} d x$ Solution: Assume $\sqrt{x}+1=t$ $d(\sqrt{x}+1)=d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} \mathrm{dx}=\mathrm{dt}$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \mathrm{dx}=2 \mathrm{dt}$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and dt in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int 2 \frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{t}}$ $=\ln |\mathrm{t}|+\mathrm{c}$ But $t=\sqrt{x}+1$ $=2 \ln |\sqrt{x}+1|+c$...
Read More →ATP produced during glycolysis is a result
Question: ATP produced during glycolysis is a result of substrate-level phosphorylation. Explain. Solution: These are formed without the electron transport system and chemiosmosis during the glycolysis. The ATP is directly formed from ADP and Inorganic phosphatase....
Read More →We commonly call ATP as the energy currency of the cell.
Question: We commonly call ATP as the energy currency of the cell. Can you think of some other energy carriers present in a cell? Name any two. Solution: Some other energy carriers present in a cell are: GTP (Guanine Triphosphate) ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)...
Read More →Why is respiratory pathway referred
Question: Why is respiratory pathway referred to as an amphibolic pathway? Explain. Solution: Respiratory pathway referred to as an amphibolic pathway because it comprises of the breakdown of substrates. The fatty acids are broken down into Acetyl CoA. Similarly, glycerol also enters a biochemical pathway and gets broken down into PGAL (3-phosphoglyceraldehyde). The amphibolic pathway involves both anabolic and catabolic pathway. Respiration can cause both the breakdown and synthesis of fatty ac...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1+\cot x}{x+\log \sin x} d x$ Solution: Assume $x+\log (\sin x)=t$ $d(x+\log (\sin x))=d t$ $1+\frac{\cos x}{\sin x} d x=d t$ $(1+\cot ) d x=d t$ Put $t$ and $d t$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\mathrm{d} t}{t}$ $=\ln |t|+c$ But $t=x+\log (\sin x)$ $=\ln |x+\log (\sin x)|+c$...
Read More →Comment on the statement – Respiration is an energy-producing
Question: Comment on the statement Respiration is an energy-producing process but ATP is being used in some steps of the process. Solution: The phosphorylation reaction is the glycolysis process in which glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate which consumes one ATP. Although the overall ATP produced by the complete oxidation of the substrate is more than the amount of energy spent on some metabolic processes....
Read More →Respiration is an energy-releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process
Question: Respiration is an energy-releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process which involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells. In this statement about respiration explain the meaning of (1) Step-wise oxidative breakdown, and (2) Organic substances (used as substrates). Solution: (1) Step-wise oxidative breakdown: The energy will be released in a stepwise manner during cellular respiration which is moderated enzymatically. (2) Organic substan...
Read More →Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic respiration
Question: Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic respiration but it enters the respiratory process at the end? Discuss. Solution: Oxygen is an essential factor for aerobic respiration because it removes hydrogen from the electron transport system. It also acts as a hydrogen acceptor. The absence of oxygen will inhibit the passage of electrons through the co-enzymes and also there wont be a formation of proton pump and ATP will not be produced by oxidative phosphorylation....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\sin 2 x}{\sin 5 x \sin 3 x} d x$ Solution: $\sin 2 x$ can be written as $\sin (5 x-3 x)$ $\therefore$ The equation now becomes $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\sin (5 x-3 x)}{\sin 5 x \sin 3 x} d x$ $\sin (A-B)=\sin A \cos B-\cos A \sin B$ $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\sin 5 x \cos 3 x-\cos 5 x \sin 3 x}{\sin 5 x \sin 3 x} d x$ $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\sin 5 x \cos 3 x}{\sin 5 x \sin 3 x} d x-\int \frac{\cos 5 x \sin 3 x}{\sin 5 x \sin 3 x} d x$ $\Righ...
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