NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry PDF

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Updated Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2024-25 — Chapters In and Chapters Removed 

NCERT revised the Class 12 Chemistry syllabus for 2023-24 onwards, removing six chapters from the textbook. Students must be aware of this before downloading any solutions — older solution sets may include chapters that are no longer in scope for CBSE Boards, JEE Main, or NEET.

💡 Expert Tip by Prateek Gupta, IIT Bombay: "The removed chapters are no longer in CBSE Class 12 boards — but several still appear in JEE Main and NEET. p-Block Elements and Solid State, for example, continue to be tested in JEE Main. Students planning for competitive exams should study the removed chapters separately using dedicated JEE/NEET resources, not NCERT solutions."

Chapterwise NCERT Solutions

All 10 chapters are covered with complete intext question solutions, end-of-chapter exercise solutions, and additional questions where relevant.

Chapterwise links

• Chapter 1 : Solution
• Chapter 2 : Electrochemistry
• Chapter 3 : Chemical Kinetics
• Chapter 4 : The D and F-Block Elements
• Chapter 5 : Coordination Compounds
• Chapter 6 : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Chapter 7 : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Chapter 8 : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Chapter 9 : Amines
• Chapter 10 : Biomolecules

Chapter-by-Chapter Overview: Key Concepts, Subtopics and Exam Relevance 

Chapter 1 — Solutions

What this chapter covers: Solutions introduces the quantitative chemistry of liquid mixtures — how solutes dissolve, how concentration is expressed, and how dissolved particles affect the physical properties of the solvent.

Key subtopics and their exam significance:

Most tested in NEET and JEE: Colligative properties calculations (especially osmotic pressure and depression of freezing point) and the van't Hoff factor for electrolytes.

Chapter 2 — Electrochemistry

What this chapter covers: Electrochemistry connects chemical reactions to electrical energy — how galvanic cells generate electricity and how electrolytic cells use it to drive non-spontaneous reactions.

Key subtopics:

Most tested in JEE Main: Nernst equation calculations and EMF of cell reactions. Most tested in NEET: Faraday's laws and electrochemical series.

Chapter 3 — Chemical Kinetics

What this chapter covers: Chemical Kinetics studies how fast reactions occur and what factors control the rate — concentration, temperature, catalysts, and reaction mechanisms.

Key subtopics:

Most tested everywhere: First-order integrated rate law, half-life, and Arrhenius equation. This is one of the highest-scoring chapters in NCERT for all three exams — the questions are numerical and follow predictable formats.

Chapter 4 — d and f Block Elements

What this chapter covers: This chapter covers the transition metals (d-block, Groups 3–12) and the f-block elements (lanthanoids and actinoids) — their electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, and important compounds.

Key subtopics:

Chapter 5 — Coordination Compounds

What this chapter covers: Coordination Compounds explores how transition metals form complex ions with ligands — their nomenclature, bonding theories (VBT and CFT), isomerism, and applications.

Key subtopics:

💡 Expert Tip by Prateek Gupta, IIT Bombay: "Coordination Compounds is the chapter where NCERT solutions alone are not enough for JEE Main. The board-level questions test nomenclature and VBT — NCERT covers these fully. But JEE Main tests CFT splitting patterns, EAN rule, and isomerism at a level above NCERT. Treat NCERT as the floor for this chapter, not the ceiling."

Chapter 6 — Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

What this chapter covers: This chapter covers the chemistry of organic halogen compounds — how they are prepared, the mechanisms of their reactions (SN1, SN2, elimination), and the properties of polyhalogen compounds.

Key subtopics:

• Classification and IUPAC nomenclature
• Methods of preparation (from alcohols, alkenes, arenes)
• Physical properties and nature of C–X bond
• Chemical reactions: nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2), elimination (E1 and E2)
• Polyhalogen compounds (DDT, chloroform, iodoform)

Board exam focus: Mechanism of SN2 vs SN1, Wurtz reaction, Grignard reagent preparation. JEE/NEET focus: Stereochemistry of SN2 (inversion), regioselectivity in elimination reactions.

Chapter 7 — Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Key subtopics:

• IUPAC nomenclature and classification
• Preparation of alcohols (from alkenes, aldehydes, Grignard reagent)
• Reactions of alcohols (with Na, PCl₅, oxidation, dehydration)
• Acidity of alcohols vs phenols (resonance stabilisation in phenols)
• Preparation and reactions of ethers (Williamson synthesis)

Most tested in JEE/NEET: Acidity comparison (phenol > alcohol > water), mechanism of dehydration of alcohols, and distinction tests between primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols.

Chapter 8 — Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Key subtopics:

• Structure of carbonyl and carboxyl groups
• Preparation of aldehydes and ketones (from alcohols, ozonolysis, hydration of alkynes)
• Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, Grignard reagent, reduction)
• Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction
• Preparation and acidity of carboxylic acids

Most tested everywhere: Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Lucas test, Tollens' test, Fehling's test. This is the most reaction-heavy chapter in Class 12 Organic Chemistry and requires substantial practice beyond NCERT.

Chapter 9 — Amines

Key subtopics:

• Classification (primary, secondary, tertiary; aliphatic vs aromatic)
• IUPAC nomenclature
• Preparation methods (reduction of nitro compounds, Gabriel synthesis, Hoffmann bromamide)
• Basicity comparison: aliphatic > ammonia > aromatic amines
• Diazonium salts — preparation and reactions (Sandmeyer, Gattermann reactions)

Most tested in NEET: Basicity order of amines, diazonium salt reactions, Gabriel synthesis mechanism.

Chapter 10 — Biomolecules

Key subtopics:

• Carbohydrates — classification (aldose/ketose, mono/di/polysaccharides), mutarotation, structures of glucose
• Proteins — amino acids, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation
• Enzymes — mechanism and significance
• Vitamins — fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) vs water-soluble (B, C)
• Nucleic acids — DNA vs RNA, base pairing, double helix
• Hormones — types and functions

Most tested in NEET: Structures and reducing/non-reducing sugars, essential amino acids, deficiency diseases of vitamins, base pairing rules in DNA. This chapter is almost entirely factual recall in NEET.

How to Use NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Effectively

Using NCERT solutions as an answer key is the least productive way to use them. The following workflow extracts full exam value:

Step 1: Attempt Every Question Before Consulting the Solution

Close the solution. Attempt every intext question and exercise question independently. Write your answer — do not type it. Chemistry answers that are written are retained far better than those that are read. If you cannot attempt a question, mark it and return to the relevant concept in the chapter before looking at the solution.

Step 2: Use the Solution to Check Method, Not Just the Answer

When you check your answer, compare your method step-by-step with the NCERT solution method. In Chemistry, marks in CBSE Boards are awarded for each step — a correct final answer written without correct working can score zero. Identify any step where your method diverged and understand why the NCERT method is preferred.

Step 3: Maintain a Reaction Compendium for Organic Chemistry Chapters

For Chapters 6 through 9, create a running list of every named reaction, every reagent, and every mechanism step encountered in NCERT. After completing each chapter, add its reactions to the list. By the time all organic chapters are done, this compendium becomes the most efficient pre-exam revision tool available — every reaction CBSE and JEE will test is in one place.

Step 4: Solve Intext Questions, Not Just End-of-Chapter Exercises

Many students solve only the end-of-chapter exercises. NCERT intext questions (embedded within the reading) are equally testable in CBSE Boards and are often more concept-specific. Both sets must be solved.

Step 5: After Each Chapter, Attempt Previous Year Board and JEE Questions

NCERT solutions build the foundation. After completing each chapter's solutions, search for the last 5 years of CBSE Board questions and JEE Main questions for that chapter. The gap between what NCERT asks and what CBSE/JEE asks reveals exactly which concepts need deeper practice beyond NCERT.

Which Class 12 Chemistry Chapters Are Most Important for JEE and NEET? 

For JEE Main (Chemistry section — 30 questions, 120 marks)

For NEET (Chemistry section — 45 questions, 180 marks)

For complete NEET chapter-wise PYQs with solutions, visit eSaral's NEET previous year question bank.