NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics - PDF Download-eSaral
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eSaral > NCERT Solutions > Class 12 Physics NCERT Solution
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics are detailed, step-by-step answers to every question in the official NCERT textbook published by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). These solutions follow the exact pattern prescribed by CBSE and cover all 14 chapters — from Electric Charges and Fields to Semiconductor Electronics.
For Class 12 students, Physics is often the most challenging subject in the science stream. The board exam tests not just memory but the ability to apply concepts to numerical problems, derive expressions, and interpret diagrams. Having well-structured solutions helps you understand why an answer is correct, not just what the answer is.
The solutions on this page are prepared by faculty at eSaral, including IIT Bombay graduates with verified All India Ranks, bringing you the same standard of teaching you would get at a top Kota institute — accessible online, at a fraction of the cost.
You can also explore NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics if you need to revise foundation concepts, or browse the complete NCERT Solutions library for other subjects.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Free PDF Download (Chapter-Wise)
The solutions of every chapter are available on this page for CBSE students. To get access to these free NCERT Physics Class 12 Solutions PDF from Chapters 1 to 15, you can follow the links which are given below. The solutions provided here are free to view online, or you can access or download them in PDF format. To download a PDF of the CBSE Class 12 Physics NCERT for a specific chapter, click on the “Download PDF” button, which is provided at the top of each of the chapter pages listed below.
| Chapter No. | Chapter Name |
|---|---|
| Chapter 1 | Electric Charges and Fields |
| Chapter 2 | Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance |
| Chapter 3 | Current Electricity |
| Chapter 4 | Moving Charges and Magnetism |
| Chapter 5 | Magnetism and Matter |
| Chapter 6 | Electromagnetic Induction |
| Chapter 7 | Alternating Current |
| Chapter 8 | Electromagnetic Waves |
| Chapter 9 | Ray Optics and Optical Instruments |
| Chapter 10 | Wave Optics |
| Chapter 11 | Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter |
| Chapter 12 | Atoms |
| Chapter 13 | Nuclei |
| Chapter 14 | Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits |
Overview Of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics Chapter Details
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
This is the first chapter in the Class 12 NCERT Textbook. In the 1st chapter, you will get to learn about the electric charges, fields and their functional areas. Additionally, you will also get to know about the related laws and theorems like Gauss’ Law. Some of you may find this chapter a bit difficult, but when you have the Physics NCERT Class 12 PDF, then comprehending and solving the questions will not be a problem.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 1 |
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Electric Charge |
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Coulomb’s law: force between two-point charges |
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Forces between multiple charges |
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Conservation of charge |
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Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution |
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Electric field |
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Electric field lines |
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Electric field due to a point charge |
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Electric dipole |
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Electric flux |
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Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications |
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
In this second chapter of the Class 12 Physics textbook, you will learn about the potential difference and the development of electrostatic potential. Moreover, this chapter has essential formulas and derivations, which you need to implement to solve the numerical problems.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 2 |
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Electric potential |
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Potential difference |
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Equipotential surfaces |
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Electric potential due to a point charge |
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A dipole and a system of charges |
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Conductors and insulators |
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Dielectrics and electric polarisation |
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A combination of capacitors in series and in parallel |
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Capacitors and capacitance |
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Energy stored in a capacitor |
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
In this chapter, you will learn the definitions of important terms like conductance, resistance, cell EMF, drift velocity, resistivity, and internal resistance. You will also get to know the graph of resistivity for semiconductors, metals, and alloys. It will provide a good hold on the conversion of complex circuits into simple parallel and series circuits. The concepts of the meter bridge or potentiometer are explained briefly in this chapter. Numerical problems based on these concepts are available for practice at the end of the chapter.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 3 |
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Electric current |
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The flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor |
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Drift velocity |
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Ohm’s law |
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Electrical Resistance, Electrical Resistivity, and Conductivity |
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Potential difference and emf of a cell |
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Potentiometer principle and its applications |
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Measurement of the internal resistance of a cell |
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Wheatstone bridge |
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Meter bridge |
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Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications |
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
In this chapter, you will go through several diagrams, examples, graphs, and illustrations from everyday life. This chapter also includes the derivation of concepts like Ampere’s circuital law, forces between two wires carrying current. At the end of the chapter, there are numerical problems and questions given based on these concepts. This chapter is very important and holds extra marks in the exam. Hence, you should practice these questions regularly to get a good understanding of the chapter.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 4 |
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Concept of magnetic field |
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Oersted’s experiment |
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Ampere’s law and its applications |
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Biot – Savart law and its application |
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Definition of ampere |
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Moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity |
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Galvanometer as an ammeter and a voltmeter |
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
This is the 5th chapter of the NCERT Physics textbook, and this chapter contains questions on various quantities, how to calculate the magnetic field of the Earth, compass direction, and its effects at the poles. You can refer to the NCERT Class 12 Physics solutions in PDF format available on esaral for your problems.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 5 |
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Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Magnetic dipole movement |
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Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid |
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Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements |
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The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron |
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Magnetic field lines |
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
This chapter describes both electricity and magnetism together. The key concepts of importance here are Faraday's and Lenz's laws. The definitions and problems based on these laws are explained in a systematic manner to help you to understand the concepts easily. The direction of the induced emf and the magnetic field should be considered while solving numerical problems from the exercise questions given in the textbook.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 6 |
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Electromagnetic induction |
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Faraday’s laws |
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Lenz’s Law |
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Peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage |
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Eddy currents |
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Induced EMF and current |
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Self and mutual induction |
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
In this chapter, you will be able to learn about the AC Voltage applied to a resistor, capacitor, inductor, and series LCR circuit. The various diagrams and graphs present in the NCERT textbook help you to clear your concept. By regularly revising and learning this chapter, you are able to answer the complex questions and problems that would appear in the board exams. The important topic of this chapter is transformers. Learning this chapter completely will help you to secure good grades not only in the board exams, but it will also help to clear other competitive exams.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 7 |
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Alternating currents |
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Power in AC circuits: The power factor |
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Resonance, reactance, and impedance |
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LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only) |
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LCR series circuit |
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AC generator and transformer |
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
This is the 8th chapter in the NCERT Class 12 Physics textbook. Electromagnetic waves are also based on the topic of magnetism, and your previous knowledge of the chapter will assist you in mastering this chapter. Still, if you find any difficulty in this chapter, then you can refer to the Class 12 Physics NCERT solutions
In this chapter, you will learn in detail about concepts of electromagnetism, capacitors, potential difference, and displacement. Other main concepts in this chapter include Kirchhoff’s rules, the RMS value of conduction current, as well as the similarities between conduction current and displacement current.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 8 |
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Electromagnetic waves - their characteristics and nature |
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Electromagnetic spectrum with its elementary facts and its uses |
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
In this chapter, you will learn about the phenomena of reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light using the ray picture. By using the laws of reflection and refraction, the image formation is very well explained in this chapter. The construction and working of optical instruments, including the human eye, and different types of lenses, are covered here.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 9 |
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Ray Optics |
Lenses |
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A combination of thin lenses in contact |
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Power of a lens |
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Refraction of light |
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Refraction of light through a prism |
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Magnification |
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Optical fibers |
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Total internal reflection and its applications |
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Some natural phenomenon due to sunlight |
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Optical Instruments |
Astronomical telescopes and their magnifying power |
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Microscopes (reflecting and refracting) |
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Chapter 10: Wave Optics
In chapter 10, the most important topic is Huygen’s laws of reflection and refraction. This topic contains more weightage of marks from this chapter. Other concepts in this chapter include the Doppler Effect, Brewster’s Law, and the angular width expression. It is recommended that you go through all the derivations and theories in this chapter as well as you should solve all the numerical problems and questions of this chapter.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 10 |
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Wavefront and Huygen’s principle |
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Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle |
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Reflection and refraction of a plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts |
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Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, the width of the central maximum, and diffraction due to a single slit. |
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Coherent sources and sustained interference of light |
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Interference and polarization |
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
This chapter contains key topics like electron emission, the photoelectric effect, the experimental effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, and the wave nature of matter. Numericals are also important to score more marks. Most of the questions from the NCERT textbook can be expected to appear in the final exam. As we all know, this chapter holds good marks; you will be able to attain remarkable marks, and further achieve your career goals.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 11 |
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Dual nature of radiation |
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Electric emission |
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Photoelectric effect |
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De-Broglie relation |
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Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light |
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Hertz and Lenard’s observations |
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Photoelectric effect |
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Experimental study of the photoelectric effect |
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Davisson and Germer experiment |
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Matter waves: wave nature of particles |
Chapter 12: Atoms
The most important topic of this chapter 12 is the Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom. You should make sure to learn all the important formulas and concepts of this chapter. While solving numerical problems, ensure that all the steps are shown in the answer. This is because, as per the CBSE marking scheme, students will receive marks for the steps shown in answer to numerical problems, even if their answer is incorrect.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 12 |
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Bohr model |
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Rutherford’s model of the atom |
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Alpha-particle scattering experiment |
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Atomic spectra |
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The line spectra of the hydrogen atom |
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De Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation |
Chapter 13: Nuclei
The key topics of this chapter are atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of the nucleus, mass energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, and nuclear energy. In Physics, one of the best ways to prepare for your board exams is to take notes and make points of the important formulas and definitions, and keep them revised.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 13 |
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Atomic masses and composition of the nucleus |
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Size of Nucleus |
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Mass energy and nuclear binding energy |
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Nuclear force |
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Radioactivity |
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Nuclear energy: Fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion |
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits
In this 14th chapter of the Class 12 Physics textbook. This unit is all about semiconductors and their types, insulators and their applications. This chapter is one of the most scoring chapters in the Class 12 board exams.
Most of the questions asked in this chapter will be based on the concepts of n-type semiconductors, dopants, and carriers. True or false type questions about topics including germanium, carbon, and silicon semiconductors might also be asked from this chapter. The method to determine the energy gap is another important concept in this chapter. You should learn how to determine the output frequency of a half-wave as well as a full-wave rectifier thoroughly, as questions will be asked on this topic. This chapter contains many extra exercises that have lots of questions on finding the number of electrons and holes in the atoms of arsenic, indium, and silicon.
List of Topics Covered Under Chapter 14 |
| Classifications of metals, conductors, and semiconductors |
| Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor |
| P-n Junction |
| Semiconductor diode |
| Application of a junction diode as a rectifier |
| Special-purpose p-n junction diodes: Zener diode, Photodiode, LED, Solar cell |
| Digital Electronics and Logic Gates |
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2026-27
The official CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus for 2024-25 includes 14 chapters spread across 9 units. The theory paper carries 70 marks, and the practical exam carries 30 marks. The complete unit-wise breakdown is shown in the marking scheme table above.
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Unit No. |
Name of Unit |
Marks |
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Unit–I |
Electrostatics |
16 |
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Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields |
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Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance |
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Unit-II |
Current Electricity |
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Chapter–3: Current Electricity |
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Unit–III |
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism |
17 |
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Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism |
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Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter |
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Unit–IV |
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents |
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Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction |
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Chapter–7: Alternating currents |
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Unit–V |
Electromagnetic Waves |
18 |
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Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves |
||
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Unit-VI |
Optics |
|
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Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments |
||
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Chapter–10: Wave Optics |
||
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Unit-VII |
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter |
12 |
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Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter |
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Unit-VIII |
Atoms and Nuclei |
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Chapter-12: Atoms |
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Chapter–13: Nuclei |
||
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Unit-IX |
Electronic Devices |
7 |
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Chapter–14: Semiconductor -Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits |
||
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Total |
70 |
For a subject-wise overview, you may also find these resources useful:
Conclusion
Three things to take away from this page:
1. NCERT is non-negotiable. All 14 chapters of Class 12 Physics are directly tested in CBSE board exams, and the solutions here give you a chapter-by-chapter roadmap to complete the syllabus systematically.
2. Prioritise by marks. Optics (Chapters 9–10), Electrostatics (Chapters 1–2), and Current Electricity + Magnetism (Chapters 3–7) account for the largest share of your 70-mark theory paper. Start there.
3. Build beyond NCERT for competitive exams. Board marks open college doors, but JEE Main and NEET ranks determine which door. Use NCERT as your base and build upward with structured guidance.
If you want step-by-step solutions for other Class 12 subjects, visit the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths and NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry pages. For Class 11 foundation revision, the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics page covers all prerequisite concepts.
Bookmark this page and return to it as you work through each chapter — every PDF download link and chapter overview stays updated with the current CBSE curriculum.
Frequently Asked Questions
Find answers to common questions.
Are these NCERT solutions aligned with the 2024-25 CBSE syllabus?
Yes. The NCERT solutions provided here are fully aligned with the CBSE 2024-25 syllabus and the current NCERT textbook edition. Any chapters or topics removed from the syllabus are clearly indicated. Always cross-check with the official CBSE curriculum available at cbseacademic.nic.in.
Can I download Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions as a PDF?
Yes. Each chapter page on eSaral includes a "Download PDF" button at the top, allowing you to save the solutions for offline use. This is useful for revision in areas with limited internet access or during travel before exam
Which is the most difficult chapter in Class 12 Physics?
Most students find Electromagnetic Induction (Chapter 6), Alternating Current (Chapter 7), and Wave Optics (Chapter 10) the most challenging because they involve multi-step derivations and conceptual clarity about direction and phase. Consistent practice with solved examples from NCERT and past CBSE papers is the most effective approach for these chapters.
How many chapters are there in Class 12 Physics NCERT?
The CBSE Class 12 Physics NCERT textbook for 2024-25 contains 14 chapters, reduced from 15 in the previous curriculum. The removed chapter (Chapter 15: Communication Systems) was dropped by CBSE during the COVID-era syllabus rationalisation and has not been reinstated in the 2024-25 curriculum.
Are NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics useful for JEE Main preparation?
NCERT solutions form an important foundation for JEE Main Physics. Chapters like Current Electricity, Optics, Modern Physics, and Semiconductor Electronics test NCERT-level concepts directly in JEE Main. However, for a complete JEE Main score, you will need to go beyond NCERT with additional problem sets covering higher-difficulty application questions.
How should I use NCERT solutions effectively for board exam preparation?
First, read the NCERT theory chapter carefully. Then attempt the exercise questions on your own before looking at the solutions. Use the solutions to check your working method, not just the final answer. For 3-mark and 5-mark questions, ensure your steps match the expected format. Revise solved examples separately — they often appear directly in board papers.