Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in Magnetic field: A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it. i.e. behaves like a magnet and exerts a force when a magnet is placed in its magnetic field. Similarly a magnet also exerts equal and opposite force on the current carrying conductor. The direction of this force can be determined using Flemings left-hand rule.

Current Element- – Current element is defined as a vector having magnitude equal to the product of current with a small part of length of the conductor and the direction in which the current

is flowing in that part of the conductor.

With the help of experiments Ampere established that when a current element 1 de is placed

in a magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}},$ it experiences a force

$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{dF}}=\mathrm{I} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}} \ell \times \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$

The magnitude of force is $\quad \mathrm{dF}=\mathrm{B} \mathrm{I}$ d\ell $\sin \theta$

$[\theta \text { is the angle between the } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{d} \ell} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}]$

(i) When $\sin \theta=\min =0,$ i.e., $\theta=0^{\circ}$ or $180^{\circ}$

Then force on a current element $=0$ (minimum)

A current element in a magnetic field does not experience any force if the current in it is collinear with the field.

(ii) When $\sin \theta=\max =1,$ i.e., $\theta=90^{\circ}$

The force on the current will be maximum ( $=$ BI d\ell)

Force on a current element in a magnetic field is maximum $(=\text { BI } \mathrm{d} \ell)$

When it is perpendicular to the field.

The direction of force is always perpendicular to the plane containing I $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d} \ell}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$.

The direction of force on current element I $\mathrm{d} \vec{\ell}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$ are perpendicular to each other can also be determined by applying either of the following rules:

1. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

2. Right Hand Palm Rule

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