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What are Nuclear forces?
The strong forces of attraction which firmly hold the nucleons in the small nucleus and account for the stability of the nucleus are called nuclear forces.
Properties of Nuclear Forces
The nuclear force is a short-range force.
- They are appreciable when the distance between nucleons is of the order of $2.2 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}$
- They become negligible when the distance between nucleons is greater than $4.2 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}$
- When the distance between two nucleons is less than $1 \times 10^{-15}$ m the nuclear forces become strongly repulsive
Nuclear forces are the strongest force in nature
Nuclear forces are charge independent
The force between a pair of protons, a pair of neutrons, and a pair of neutrons and protons are equal.
$F(n-n)=F(p-p)=F(n-p)$
The net force between pair of neutrons and a pair of neutron and proton is equal. This is slightly greater than the force between pair of protons because force between protons is reduced due to electrostatic repulsion
Net force F (n — n) = Net force F(n — p) > Net force F (p — p)
Nuclear forces are spin dependent
- The nuclear force depends on the relative orientation of spins between two interacting nucleons
- The force of attraction between two nucleons with parallel spin is greater than the force between nucleons with antiparallel spin.
- Deutron is formed in a bound state only if spins of neutron and proton are parallel.
Nuclear forces show saturation property
- The nucleon in the nucleus interacts with its nearest neighbor only.
- It remains unaffected by the presence of other surrounding nucleons.
- The nuclear force between a pair of nucleons in light and a heavy nucleus is equal.
Nuclear forces are non-central forces
- They do not act along line joining the center of two nucleons
- The non-central component depends on the orientation of spins relative to the line joining the center of two nucleons.
Nuclear forces are exchange forces
- The nuclear forces originate by exchange of mesons $\left(\pi^{+}, \pi^{\circ}, \pi^{-}\right)$ between the nucleons
- mass of meson = 0.15 amu = 140 MeV = 280 × mass of electron
- $p-p$ force $\mathrm{p}+\pi^{\circ} \longleftrightarrow \mathrm{p}$
n – n force $\mathrm{n}+\pi^{\circ} \longleftrightarrow \mathrm{n}$
n – p force $\mathrm{p}+\pi^{-} \longleftrightarrow \mathrm{n}$
$\mathrm{n}+\pi^{+} \longleftrightarrow \mathrm{p}$ - The theory of exchange forces was given by Yukawa
- The potential energy of a particle in this force field is given by Yukawa potential $U(r)=U_{0} e^{-r / r_{0}}$ where
$\mathrm{r}_{0}$ & $\mathrm{U}_{0}$ are constants.
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All Study Material
- JEE Main
- Exam Pattern
- Previous Year Papers
- PYQ Chapterwise
- Physics
- Kinematics 1D
- Kinemetics 2D
- Friction
- Work, Power, Energy
- Centre of Mass and Collision
- Rotational Dynamics
- Gravitation
- Calorimetry
- Elasticity
- Thermal Expansion
- Heat Transfer
- Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Thermodynamics
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- Wave on String
- Sound waves
- Fluid Mechanics
- Electrostatics
- Current Electricity
- Capacitor
- Magnetism and Matter
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Atomic Structure
- Dual Nature of Matter
- Nuclear Physics
- Radioactivity
- Semiconductors
- Communication System
- Error in Measurement & instruments
- Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Wave Optics
- X-Rays
- All Subjects
- Physics
- Motion in a Plane
- Law of Motion
- Work, Energy and Power
- Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion
- Gravitation
- Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Thermal Properties of matter
- Thermodynamics
- Kinetic Theory
- Oscillations
- Waves
- Electric Charge and Fields
- Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Current Electricity
- Thermoelectric Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effects of Electric Current
- Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Magnetism and Matter
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Wave
- Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Wave Optics
- Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Atoms
- Nuclei
- Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits.
- Chemical Effects of Electric Current,