Evaluate the integral:
$\int \sqrt{x-x^{2}} d x$
Key points to solve the problem:
- Such problems require the use of the method of substitution along with a method of integration by parts. By the method of integration by parts if we have $\int \mathrm{f}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{g}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{dx}=\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{x}) \int \mathrm{g}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{dx}-\int \mathrm{f}^{\prime}(\mathrm{x})\left(\int \mathrm{g}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{dx}\right) \mathrm{dx}$
- To solve the integrals of the form: $\int \sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c} d x$ after applying substitution and integration by parts we have direct formulae as described below:
$\int \sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}} d x=\frac{x}{2} \sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}+\frac{a^{2}}{2} \sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)+C$
$\int \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x=\frac{x}{2} \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}-\frac{a^{2}}{2} \log \left|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}\right|+C$
$\int \sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}} d x=\frac{x}{2} \sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}+\frac{a^{2}}{2} \log \left|x+\sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}\right|+C$
Let, $I=\int \sqrt{x-x^{2}} d x$
$\therefore I=\int \sqrt{-\left(x^{2}-2\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) x\right)} d x=\int \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}-\left(x^{2}-2\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) x+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}\right)} d x$
Using $a^{2}-2 a b+b^{2}=(a-b)^{2}$
We have:
$I=\int \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}-\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}} d x=\int \sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}-\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}} d x$
As I match with the form: $\int \sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}} d x=\frac{x}{2} \sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}+\frac{a^{2}}{2} \sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)+C$
$\therefore I=\frac{x-\frac{1}{2}}{2} \sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}-\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}}+\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{2} \sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{x-\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)+C$
$\Rightarrow I=\frac{1}{4}(2 x-1) \sqrt{x-x^{2}}+\frac{1}{8} \sin ^{-1}(2 x-1)+C$
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