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Types of nuclei
Isotopes
- These are nuclei of the same element having the same Z but different Ae.g. ${ }_{8} \mathrm{O}^{16},{ }_{8} \mathrm{O}^{17},{ }_{8} \mathrm{O}^{18}$ ${ }_{1} \mathrm{H}^{1},{ }_{1} \mathrm{H}^{2},{ }_{1} \mathrm{H}^{3}$ ${ }_{92} \mathrm{U}^{234},{ }_{92} \mathrm{U}^{235}, \underset{92}{\mathrm{U}^{238}}$
- All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties
- They occupy the same place in the periodic table
- They cannot be separated by chemical analysis
- They can be separated by mass spectrometers or mass spectrographs
Isotones
- These are nuclei of different elements having the same N but different A. ${ }_{6} \mathrm{C}_{7}^{13}$ & ${ }_{7} \mathrm{~N}_{7}^{14}$ ${ }_{1} \mathrm{H}_{2}^{3}$ & ${ }_{2} \mathrm{He}_{2}^{4}$${ }_{2} \mathrm{Be}_{5}^{9}$ & ${ }_{5} \mathrm{~B}_{5}^{10}$
- Isotones are different elements with different chemical properties
- They occupy different positions in the periodic table
- They can be separated by chemical analysis and mass spectrometers
Isobars
- These are nuclei of different elements having the same A but different N and Z. e.g. ${ }_{6} \mathrm{C}^{14}$ and ${ }_{7} \mathrm{~N}^{14}$${ }_{18} \mathrm{Ar}^{40}$ and ${ }_{20} \mathrm{Ca}^{40}$
- Isobars are different elements with different chemical properties
- They occupy different positions in the periodic table
- They can be separated by chemical analysis but cannot be separated by mass spectrometers.
Mirror nuclei
These are nuclei with the same A but in which neutron and proton numbers are interchanged. e.g. ${ }_{4} \mathrm{Be}_{3}^{7}(\mathrm{Z}=4, \mathrm{~N}=3)$ and $3 \mathrm{Li}_{4}^{7}(Z=3, \mathrm{~N}=4)$Isomer nuclei
- These are nuclei with the same A and same Z but differ in their nuclear energy states
- They have different lifetimes and internal structure
- These nuclei have different radioactive properties.e.g. $\mathrm{Co}^{60}$ & $\mathrm{Co}^{60 *}$
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